International Circulation:  Can you talk about the protective effect of ACE inhibitors and ARBs on multiple organs?  Can all patients who suffer from cardiovascular disease benefit from them?

Ernesto Schiffrin:  There is no doubt that many patients suffering from cardiovascular disease may benefit from renin-angiotensin blockade， be it with an ARB， an ACE inhibitor， or a renin inhibitor， which was just presented at this session.  These are， at least ACE inhibitors and ARBs， considered among the first line therapy for hypertension.  They are also used in prevention of events associated with coronary artery disease and are commonly used in heart failure base on a number of trials where they have demonstrated their efficacy at blocking the renin-angiotensin system， which as I mentioned earlier contributes to the pathophysiology of all these cardiovascular conditions. 

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